In line with these data, the mRNA levels of markers associated with cardiac hypertrophy, including Anp and β-Mhc, showed no significant alterations with or without RA treatment, despite the downregulated mRNA level of brain natriuretic peptide (Bnp) was observed in AB+RA group compared with that of AB group (Figure S1c-d, Fig. 1k). Here, NPPA is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.