Blocking autophagy in INS-1E cells using an adenoviral strategy to overexpress a dominant-negative form of the Unc-51-Like Kinase 1 (DN-ULK-1) (Fig. S1) confirmed that blocking autophagy induced INS-1E cell apoptosis and increased sensitivity to cyt at low multiplicity of infection (MOI), as assessed by Hoechst-PI staining (Fig. 1e) and cleaved caspase 3 Western blotting (Fig. S1). This evidence concerns the gene CASP3 and infection.