More specifically, we show that MALT1 deficiency in mice decreases cerebral immune responses at the early phase of infection, as evidenced by reduced microglial, astroglial, and T cell activation, less infiltration of macrophages and CD8+ T cells, and diminished expression of NF-κB regulated proinflammatory mediators in the brain at 10 dpi. Here, NFKB1 is linked to infection.