The data from ALA-treated A1+/-s (Figs 3 and 6) suggest that the attenuation of mitochondrial function, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance emerge coincidentally, but the conditions are not fully co-dependent on one another since a marked improvement in impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance was observed after only 1 wk of ALA-treatment, contrasting with only a partial improvement in mitochondrial morphology, levels and PGC1α expression (Fig 6E and 6J). This evidence concerns the gene PPARGC1A and Insulin resistance.