HP and peptic ulcer disease: Previous studies have shown that the Hp-containing cagA gene is associated with the development of chronic active gastritis (AG) [32], peptic ulceration [8,10,33] and athrophic gastritis with an increased risk of gastric cancer [34,35] while the glmM gene is associated with the development of chronic superficial gastritis as well as intestinal metaplasia (IM), gastric ulcers and gastric dysplasia, and it was less expressed in chronic gastric ulcers and atrophic gastritis [36,37].