PhIP has been shown to induce tumours in rats in hormonally responsive tissues (breast, prostate, colon) (Ito et al. 1991; Shirai et al. 1997) and is reported by IARC (https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol56/mono56-13.pdf, 1993) to be a Class 2B carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic to humans). This evidence concerns the gene PHIP and neoplasm.