Although intracellular α-synuclein was increased, intracellular levels of phosphorylated α-synuclein (Ser129; implicated in the pathogenesis of PD) were decreased following treatment with ambroxol (normalized for total α-synuclein: 10 μM: 50%, p = 0.0005; 30 μM: 45%, p = 0.002; normalized for β-actin: 10 μM: 84%, p = 0.03; 30 μM: 61%, p = 0.05 Fig. 5D) compared to control. The gene discussed is ACTB; the disease is Parkinson disease.