In contrast to the attenuated replication in Bcl-2 knockdown PC3 cells (Fig. 2d), neither rapamycin nor chloroquine had significant effects on viral infection, E1A expression or replication in combination with mitoxantrone (Supplementary Fig. 4C−E) and consequently, the desensitisation and sensitisation were not due to changes in viral propagation but rather direct effects on cellular factors. This evidence concerns the gene DHTKD1 and viral infectious disease.