In contrast, epithelial cells infected with vehicle (negative control) or with R61A, R93A, R61A + R93A, or ALL KA mutant strains did not induce c-Fos production or MKP1 phosphorylation (Fig. 1B), and the lack of c-Fos activity was confirmed using a c-Fos DNA binding assay (Fig. 1C). Here, DUSP1 is linked to acute lymphoblastic leukemia.