For example, obesity (a central component of metabolic syndrome) is associated with overexpression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), a cell signaling protein involved in systematic inflammation [36], and high fat intake contributes to increased oxidative stress and nuclear factor (NF-κB) activation, a proinflammatory signaling pathway [37]. Here, TNF is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.