As was previously shown, HIV-1 infection alone did not induce significant fibrotic changes in Rag2−/− IL-2Rγ−/− or NOD-scid IL-2Rγ−/− reconstituted with immune system only; however, the depletion of regulatory T cells and significant influx of human immune cells and macrophages trigger inflammation and fibrosis (Nunoya et al., 2014). The gene discussed is IL2RG; the disease is HIV-1 infection.