CD40 and multiple sclerosis: Several of the multiple sclerosis risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are located in or near genes for co-stimulatory molecules (The Australia and New Zealand Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, 2009; The International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium and The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2, 2011; The International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, 2013), playing a role in B cells in the context of antigen presentation, such as CD40 and CD86.