PDCD1 and melanoma: In advanced melanoma, anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies have resulted in long-term disease control in a subgroup of patients10,42; treatment with antibody targeting PD-1 protein demonstrated objective response rates of 18, 28, and 27% in advanced NSCLC, melanoma, and renal cell cancer, respectively43; anti-PD-L1 for advanced bladder cancer could reach 43.3% of response rate in early trial12, and >10% of response rate in later large cohort in selected patient population13,17.