Success in eliciting activated T cells against tumors is determined by the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is an ecosystem of a mixture of different cell types, including, but not limited to, vast majority of tumor cells, scatter of stromal cells, suppressive cytokines, regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells, antigens, the expression of MHC molecules, and the expression of PD-L1 by tumors or immune cells (illustrated in Fig. 1c). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.