VCAM1 and atherosclerosis: For instance, propionates could reduce the cytokine-induced expression of cytokine induced adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in endothelial cells by inhibiting nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κB) [15, 16], lowers blood glucose and cholesterol, alter lipid metabolism [17], inhibit cholesterol synthesis in hepatocytes [18], which are all pathogenesis and risk factors of ASCVD.