TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: In vitro, mimicking the high expression levels of miR-155 in myeloid cells of patients with RA and cardiovascular disease by enforced expression of miR-155 in healthy human monocytes/macrophages demonstrated that miR-155 triggers the spontaneous production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8, and decreases anti-inflammatory IL-10 production (57, 65, 84).