CXCL9 and coinfection: We did not observe significant differences in the expression level of these 13 selected soluble biomarkers by the presence of any co-infection in the PHI or the CHI groups; however, BAFF, MCP-1, MIG, and TRAIL expression levels were significantly lower among the individuals included in the HIV-uninfected control group with a co-infection detected (P = 0.0254, P = 0.0418, P = 0.0001, P = 0.0032, respectively).