Indeed, the binding of ENaC to the lectin-like domain of TNF or to the TNF tip peptide stabilizes the channel’s complex formation with myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate and with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, both of which are important for the open conformation of the channel (388), in the presence of the pneumococcal pore-forming toxin pneumolysin (PLY), an important mediator of permeability edema in pneumococcal pneumonia (54). Here, TNF is linked to pneumococcal pneumonia.