TSC1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Such association is strengthened by the observation that rapalogs have proven effective in ameliorating several signs and symptoms of the TSC complex (an autosomal dominant genetic disorder, belonging to the group of neuro-cutaneous syndromes, characterized by loss-of-function mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes), including the formation of tumors (such as subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, renal angiomyolipomas, cardiac rhabdomyomas, etc.)[199,200].