PDK4 and chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive: In our study, it was not unexpected to observe that either CML or ox-LDL promotes ROS production and enhances oxidative stress in calcified VSMCs, but we were the first to provide evidence that ROS functions as an upstream regulator of PDK4 expression and that this effect is alleviated by antioxidants or the anti-RAGE antibody.