Since apoptosis has been reported to be involved in the calcification process [22], we employed flow cytometry with annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay to detect apoptotic cells and determine whether the effects of CML on VSMC calcification are caused by the activation of specific signalling pathways or by cell apoptosis. Here, ANXA5 is linked to chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive.