MALT1 and glioma: These included MAP3K1, a downstream target of Bcr-Abl reported to mediate the anti-apoptotic effects of NF-κB24; MAP3K7, which phosphorylates the IKK complex, leading to eventual release of inhibition and activation of NF-κB25; MALT1, which has both scaffolding functions and proteolytic activity essential for NF-κB activation26; BCLAF1, a direct target of p65 and c-Rel, and essential for C/EBPβ upregulation27; and LRRC4, a candidate tumour suppressor gene down-regulated in gliomas which appears to play a role in cellular proliferation by mediating MAPK/PI3K and NF-κB signalling28.