The richness was increased by all immunotherapies in this study irrespective of their beneficial effect, whereas our results for evenness indicate that effective treatment by anti-PD-1, a combination of anti-PD-1 and 4-1BB, or anti-CD4 monotherapy, increases the expansion of selected clones in the tumor resulting in less evenness in the T-cell population (Fig. 6). Here, CD4 is linked to neoplasm.