Much emphasis and anxiety have been placed on the potential dangers of PQ-induced AHA in treated P. falciparum-infected G6PDd individuals but there are many other factors that may play an important role in post-treatment Hb dynamics and the risk of post-treatment CSA, such as sickle-cell trait/disease, alpha-thalassaemia, HIV infection, hookworm infection, vitamin A deficiency, poor nutritional state, schistosomiasis, baseline parasitaemia and Hb, and PQ PK [42, 67, 73, 76, 82]. This evidence concerns the gene GSTM1 and HIV infectious disease.