CFTR and cystic fibrosis: It should be noted that the use of wild-type mice to simulate cystic fibrosis-like conditions is not ideal even for examining virulence or immune responses in CF pathogens such as B. dolosa. It was previously shown that macrophages from CF patients are deficient in autophagy, fail to efficiently clear CF pathogens including Burkholderia cepacia complex isolates [90–94], and exhibit a heightened cytokine production associated with defects in the CFTR gene [95].