Exercise is associated with an increase in plasma levels of numerous inflammatory mediators in PAD, including thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances (formed as a byproduct of lipid peroxidation), thromboxane, IL-8, TNF-α, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, von Willebrand factor, E-selectin, and thrombomodulin [58]. Here, CXCL8 is linked to peripheral arterial disease.