Additionally, according to the newest discoveries, human mtDNA also encodes three short peptides, humanin, gau proteins and MOTS-c, with important biological functions, e.g., humanin plays a significant role in protecting neurons from apoptosis in Alzheimer’s disease (Shokolenko and Alexeyev 2015; Capt et al. 2016). This evidence concerns the gene MT-RNR2 and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.