PLAU and neoplasm: Clearly, accessing tissue biopsies to look at tumour-associated biomarkers, where they are most concentrated, on a regular basis is not practical, though most of the accepted biomarkers ER, PR, HER2, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) are currently analysed in tissues by immunohistochemistry or ELISA [53].