TNF and cancer: However, NAFs from cancer patients with high levels of aluminium in the breast microenvironment, had higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 p70, and TNF-α), and C–C (MCP-1 and MIP-1α) and CXC-type chemokines (IL-8) compared to those cancer patients with low aluminium levels.