In line with this, work from our group has recently demonstrated that another phosphatase, Protein Phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1A (PPM1A), in macrophages acts as a checkpoint for both the innate cellular immune response to viral infections (HIV) and to infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis13,14. Here, PPM1A is linked to infection.