Similarly, the CSF of the fetus had significantly elevated levels of IL-1RA, Eotaxin (CCL-11), MCP-1 (CCL-2) and IP-10 (CXCL-10) compared to the maternal CSF (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA), which could be indicative of an ongoing viral infection (Fig. 3c). Here, CCL2 is linked to viral infectious disease.