Interestingly, P-MAPA and CIS alone or even the combination of P-MAPA and CIS promoted an increase in MyD88 levels (1.56-, 1.48-, and 1.58-fold increases, respectively vs. OC; Fig. 6a, b), thereby providing evidence for a MyD88-dependent TLR4-mediated signaling. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is in situ carcinoma.