TNF and neurodegenerative disease: Cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), cause neurodegeneration and compromise both memory and synaptic plasticity in different regions of the brain (e.g., the hippocampus and toothed spine) that are associated with brain impairment in neurodegenerative disease [5,21,22].