TP53 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: This work clearly revealed that the combination therapy with cDDP and CEH had synergistic cytotoxic on ESCC, and the combination treatment stimulated apoptosis through downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, upregulation of apoptotic Apaf-1, P21 and p53 expression, activation of the c-Jun/JNK signaling pathway, inhibition of P-gp expression, and reduction of the pumping of cDDP from ESCC cells to increase the accumulation of cDDP in tumor cells and increase tumor cells sensitivity to cDDP.