Similar comparison were evaluated in 10 paired brain tissues of human NTD cases and controls, as shown in Figure 5B, Nespas gene expression level showed a greater than 1.8-fold increase in NTDs, compared with that in controls (3.90 ± 1.09 in NTDs vs. 2.19 ± 1.21 in controls, p = 0.003), whereas no difference was detected in Gnas gene expression level between NTDs and controls. Here, GNAS is linked to neural tube defect.