Abnormal latency state/activation in the MS brain is supported by expression of one or more genes associated with EBV latency programs III and/or II (EBNA3A, LMP1, LMP2A) in samples from all nine EBV+ MS cases, while EBV genes associated with immediate early (BZLF1) or late lytic (gp350/220) infection were detected in only one third of the EBV+ MS cases. This evidence concerns the gene PDLIM7 and infection.