NOD mice, which are a polygenic model for autoimmune type 1 diabetes, had lower expression of Dio1 and Txnrd1 relative to other strains (Figs 5 and 6); Se deficiency, however, resulted in increased expression of Dio1 and Txnrd1 relative to the other strains in NOD mice (Fig 7). Here, TXNRD1 is linked to autoimmune type 1 diabetes.