By contrast, a significant increase in leukocyte adhesion to the CSE-stimulated endothelium was observed in the COPD group irrespective of smoking activity (Figure 6B), and neutralization of CXCL16 activity again markedly decreased CSE-induced leukocyte adhesion in the COPD group (Figure 6B). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL16 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.