DIABLO and malignant glioma: Carson et al. (2002) have shown that Smac/DIABLO is required for mitochondrial-driven apoptosis in human multiple myeloma and prostate cancer cells. Smac peptide was also reported to enhance apoptosis induced chemo or immunotherapeutic agents in the leukemic Jurkat cell line (Guo et al., 2002), and in malignant glioma cells in vivo (Fulda et al., 2002).