As expected, 60% of cancer tissues that showed high expression of IL-34 were accompanied with high expression of CD163 (Fig. 5c; Supplementary Table 1), and the absence of CD163 staining was frequently associated with negative staining of IL-34 (Fig. 5c; Supplementary Table 1), which indeed suggests a correlation between IL-34 and CD163 expression in lung cancers. This evidence concerns the gene CD163 and cancer.