MAP1LC3A and infection: Immunofluorescence analysis showed that autophagosomes and autolysosomes were rarely detected in the controls, while their levels increased gradually after infection with P. acnes, as demonstrated by an increase in the punctate fluorescence staining signals observed for LC3 in the cytoplasm of NPCs after 8 h of incubation, which peaked at 16 h (Fig. 5a).