TGFB1 and Crohn disease: It has been recently announced to be discontinued the phase III trial; however, patients with Crohn’s disease have been treated with antisense oligonucleotides against SMAD7, which binds to the TGF-β receptor, blocking TGF-β1 signaling; inhibition of SMAD7 promotes TGF-β-induced activation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 signal transducers (50), thereby activating TGF-β1-mediated anti-inflammatory activities (50).