From this evidence, along with evidence showing dietary supplementation of Zn promoting MMP-9 and MMP-2 activities (in the brains of a transgenic mouse model for Alzheimer's Disease; Corona et al., 2010) and Zn-chelation inhibiting MMP-2 activity (in cultured human endothelial cells harvested from the veins of umbilical cords; Huang et al., 2011), it is logical to speculate that the high levels of Zn present in cigarette smoke (Palazzolo et al., 2017) could induce MMPs to disrupt the mucosal surface of the frog palate. The gene discussed is MMP2; the disease is early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.