GLP1R and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: We examined the effects of d-allulose on feeding behavior including arrhythmic hyperphagia that is characteristically associated with obesity and diabetes3,4 and on glucose metabolism by glucose tolerance test (GTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), and pyruvate tolerance test (PTT), and explored underlying mechanisms involving GLP-1 release and vagal afferents using Glp1r knockout mice (Glp1r KO), surgical vagotomy and Glp1r knockdown specifically in vagal afferents using viral-mediated shRNA.