Importantly, cIN dysfunction, altered GABA signaling, and abnormalities in the neocortical excitatory−inhibitory balance are implicated in the pathophysiology of a wide range of disorders that symptomatically overlap with those seen in OFC, such as seizure disorders, neuropsychiatric illnesses, and impairment of complex cognitive tasks including working memory, sensory integration, and language skills31,33,35,54–58. Here, PDXP is linked to epilepsy.