In contrast with the observation of increased levels of HspA and HspC proteins in muscle biopsies from DMD patients [57,58] or mdx hind limb muscle [29], we could not detect any modulation of these HSPs in human transformed DMD myoblasts; however, in these previous studies, HSPA and HSPC increases were mostly detected in regenerating muscle fibers [57], which is a different stage than undifferentiated muscle cells. This evidence concerns the gene PSMA7 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.