The discrepancy between results for glomerular macrophage infiltration between passive transfer of anti-MPO IgG and autoimmune anti-MPO glomerulonephritis is likely to be because the dominant signals driving glomerular macrophage recruitment in the model of autoimmune anti-MPO GN are T helper cell derived costimulatory molecules, such as CD154-CD40 interactions [49] and cytokines, such as IL-17A [29] and IFN-γ [50]. Here, CD40 is linked to ganglioneuroma.