When CD73-deficient mice were infected with Helicobacter felis, a well-known model of opportunistic H. pylori infection in humans, more severe forms of gastritis were observed in the mice with alongside elevated mRNA levels of IL-2, Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IFN-γ and impaired Treg function in gastric tissue compared to wild-type mice [62]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and gastritis.