The isolated Tregs from the two groups were each co-cultured for an in vitro suppression assay against HC CD1c+ cells, with concurrent incubation with inactivated E.coli. Interestingly, the Tregs from HCs, but not Tregs from the PBC patients, could significantly decrease the CD86 expression on CD1c+ cells (Figure 4D and 4E). This evidence concerns the gene CD86 and primary biliary cholangitis.