IRAK1 and infection: In mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages, infection with different Leishmania species (L. major, L. mexicana, L. donovani) caused rapid activation of SHP-1, which bound to a kinase tyrosyl-based inhibitory motif (KTIM) of the interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1) and thereby blocked the intrinsic kinase activity of IRAK-1.