TNF and infection: After challenge with B. microti, the levels of cytokines including IL-17, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, G-CSF, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, GM-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and MIP-2 in the serum of the BMSA vaccinated group changed as infection progressed (Figures 4A–H; Supplementary Figures S1A–F).