TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: For example, early studies showed that human HepG2 hepatoma cells express interferon-γ (IFNγ), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGFβ1), Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (M-CSF), Oncostatin-M (OSM), Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM-1), Interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-7, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), while the expression of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, CD40 ligand and IL-2R genes was not detected (Stonans et al., 1999).