TNF and Nephropathy: Overproduction of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, is considered to play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of septic acute kidney dysfunction, which results in kidney damage (Chen et al., 2008).